Bullying

Performance Measure 9

Percent of adolescents, ages 12-17 years, who are bullied

Goal

To reduce the number of adolescents who are bullied

Definition

Numerator: Parent report on adolescents (in NSCH), and adolescent report (in YRBSS), for adolescents ages 12-17 years, who were bullied

Denominator: Number of adolescents, ages 12-17 years

Units: 100

Text: Percent

Healthy People 2020 Objectives

Related to Injury and Violence Prevention (IVP) Objective 35: Reduce bullying among adolescents. (Baseline: 19.9%, Target: 17.9%)

Data Sources and Data Issues

Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System (YRBSS), and the National Survey of Children's Health (NSCH). States can use data from the 2013 YRBSS and/or from the 2011-2012 NSCH as a baseline. (The state will be able to use both data sources as the YRBSS is reported by the adolescents and the NSCH is reported by the parents. The YRBSS is available every other year, and the NSCH will be available annually).

• National Survey of Children's Health (NSCH). Funded by the Health Resources and Services Administration's (HRSA's) Maternal and Child Health Bureau (MCHB), this survey provides national and state-level data on the physical and emotional health of American children 0 - 17 years old. Information is collected on factors related to the health and well-being of children, including access to and utilization of health care, receipt of care in a medical home, family interactions, parental health, school and after-school experiences, and neighborhood characteristics.
  
  Since 2003, the NSCH has provided both national and state-level prevalence estimates for a variety of child health and health care indicators. MCHB also fielded the National Survey of Children with Special Health Care Needs (NS-CSHCN) in 2001, 2005-2006, and 2009-2010. Its purpose was to assess the prevalence and impact of special health care needs among children and their families in the U.S. The 2016 NSCH underwent significant redesign and administration changes and differs greatly from the prior survey cycles. From 2016 onward, the purpose of the NSCH remains the same, but the two individual surveys were combined into a single survey conducted every year.
  
  You can access data from and information about the current NSCH through the Health Resources and Services Administration’s Maternal and Child Health Bureau, the Data Resource Center for Child & Adolescent Health, or the U.S. Census Bureau.  Data from and information about past NSCH and NS-CSHCN are available through the Data Resource Center for Child & Adolescent Health or the CDC’s National Center for Health Statistics. 
  
  
• Healthy People 2020: Injury and Violence Prevention. One objective addresses bullying:
  
  
  • IVP-35: Reduce bullying among adolescents.
    
    
• Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System (YRBSS). National, state, and local data about health-risk behaviors that contribute markedly to the leading causes of death, disability, and social problems among adolescents and adults in the United States. View 2013 survey results, Were bullied on school property and Were electronically bullied.
  
  
• Gladden RM, Vivolo-Kantor AM, Hamburger ME, Lumpkin CD. 2013. Bullying surveillance among youths: Uniform definitions for public health and recommended data elements, Version 1.0. Atlanta, GA: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; Washington, DC: Department of Education.
  
  
• Hamburger ME, Basile KC, Vivolo AM. 2011. Measuring bullying victimization, perpetration, and bystander experiences: A compendium of assessment tools. Atlanta, GA: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.

• Center for the Study and Prevention of Violence (CSPV): Bullying Prevention. Bullying prevention and intervention tips for students, parents, and schools. Includes a summary of Colorado's legislation on bullying and a sample school board policy on bullying prevention and education.
  
  Blueprints for Healthy Youth Development. Registry of evidence-based positive youth development programs designed to promote the health and well-being of children and teens and reduce negative behaviors. Includes criteria for selection as a model or promising program and publications about replicating model programs.
  
  Safe Communities ~ Safe Schools (SCSS). Planning guide, assessment tools, fact sheets, and other materials to assist schools with creating and maintaining a positive and welcoming school climate, free of drugs, violence, intimidation, and fear.
  
  
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC): Prevent Bullying.
  
  National Center for Injury Prevention and Control (NCIPC): Youth Violence. Program information, data, assessment tools, definitions, and resources that describe risk and protective factors, consequences, prevention strategies, environmental design methods, and the translation of research into practice. Bullying research is a featured topic. Additional resources include
• National Centers of Excellence in Youth Violence Prevention. Information about 6 university-based research centers that are collaborating with local communities and community-based organizations to implement and evaluate comprehensive, evidence-based approaches to reduce youth violence.
• Preventing Youth Violence: Opportunities for Action. (2014). Includes evidence-based prevention approaches and programs, policies, and practices. Also see its companion guide, Taking Action to Prevent Youth Violence. (2014).
• Relationship between bullying and suicide: What we know and what it means for schools. (2014). This brief highlights key research findings about the relationship between bullying and suicide-related behavior and recommends evidence-based prevention actions schools can take.
• Understanding bullying. (2013). This fact sheet includes promising elements of school-based bullying prevention programs.

STRYVE: Striving to Reduce Youth Violence Everywhere. Tools to plan, implement, and evaluate sustainable adolescent-violence-prevention strategies that are based upon the best available evidence. Includes online training modules, data, research documents, educational materials, and success stories.

• Children's Safety Network (CSN): Bullying Prevention. Resources and tools about preventing bullying in schools, communities, and online. Includes a summary of an environmental scan of state public health agency involvement in bullying prevention and articles about state efforts to prevent bullying. CSN provides technical assistance to states to increase their capacity to address childhood injuries and violence.
  
  Social media and cyberbullying: Implementation of school-based prevention efforts and implications for social media approaches. (2013).
• StopBullying.gov. Facts about bullying awareness, prevention, and intervention; research and program information; training modules; and a community action toolkit to help local leaders build a coordinated, unified approach to preventing bullying. Cyberbullying; anti-lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender bullying; and bullying behavior toward youth with special health care needs are among the issues addressed. View state anti-bullying laws and policies and key components in state anti-bullying laws. Coordinated by the Federal Partners in Bullying Prevention (FPBP).
  
  Bullying prevention in 2014: HRSA's perspective. (2014). [Blog post by Mary K. Wakefield, Ph.D., R.N., Administrator, Health Resources and Services Administration].
• Office of Justice Programs: CrimeSolutions.gov. Research on the effectiveness of programs and practices as reviewed and rated by expert reviewers to provide practitioners and policy makers with information about what works in criminal justice, juvenile justice, and crime victim services. To identify effective and promising programs and practices, type bullying in the Keyword field of the search form and click on Search to get your results.

• Johnson K. From Evidence to Improved Policy and Program Practices: Bulllying. 2014. National Center for Education in Maternal and Child Health. Georgetown University: Washington, DC.
• Committee on Injury, Violence, and Poison Prevention. 2009. Role of the pediatrician in youth violence prevention. Pediatrics 124(1):393-402.
• Eisenberg ME, Aalsma MC. 2005. Bullying and peer victimization: Position paper of the Society for Adolescent Medicine. Journal of Adolescent Health 36(1):88–91.
• Worthen MR. 2007. Education policy implications from the Expert Panel on Electronic Media and Youth Violence. Journal of Adolescent Health 41(6):S61-S63.

• American Academy of Pediatrics: Connected Kids: Safe, Strong, Secure. Program to integrate violence prevention efforts into routine child health care. Includes a clinical guide and brochures for parents, children, and adolescents on topics such as bullying, discipline, and interpersonal skills.
• Cassidy W, Faucher C, Jackson M. 2013. Cyberbullying among youth: A comprehensive review of current international research and its implications and application to policy and practice. School Psychology International 34(6):575-612. View abstract.
• Farrington DP, Ttofi MM. 2009. School-based programs to reduce bullying and victimization. Systematic review for the Campbell Collaboration Crime and Justice Group. Oslo, Norway: Campbell Collaboration.
• Hahn R, Fuqua-Whitley D, Wethington H, Lowy J, Liberman A, Crosby A, Fullilove M, Johnson R, Moscicki E, Price L, Snyder SR, Tuma F, Cory S, Stone G, Mukhopadhaya K, Chattopadhyay S, Dahlberg L. 2007. The effectiveness of universal school-based programs for the prevention of violent and aggressive behavior: Report on recommendations of the Task Force on Community Preventive Services. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 56(RR-7):1-16.
• Horner RH, Sugai G, Anderson CM. 2010. Examining the evidence base for school-wide positive behavior support. Focus on Exceptional Children 42(8):1-14.
• Langford R, Bonell CP, Jones HE, Pouliou T, Murphy SM, Waters E, Komro KA, Gibbs LF, Magnus D, Campbell R. 2014. The WHO Health Promoting School framework for improving the health and well-being of students and their academic achievement. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Issue 4. View abstract.
• Leff SS, Waasdorp TE. 2013. Effect of aggression and bullying on children and adolescents: Implications for prevention and intervention. Current Psychiatry Reports 15(3):343. View abstract.
• Polanin JR., Espelage DL, Pigott TD. 2012. A meta-analysis of school-based bullying prevention programs' effects on bystander intervention behavior. School Psychology Review 41:47-65. View abstract.
• Vreeman RC, Carroll AE. 2007. A systematic review of school-based interventions to prevent bullying. Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine 161(1):78-88. View abstract.
• Storey K, Slaby R, Blaber C, Towvim L, Blaisdell A. 2012. Bullying prevention and intervention: Snapshots from the Safe Schools/Healthy Students initiative. Waltham, MA: Education Development Center.
• Waasdorp TE, Bradshaw CP, Leaf PJ. 2012. The impact of schoolwide positive behavioral interventions and supports on bullying and peer rejection: A randomized controlled effectiveness trial. Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine 166:149-156. View abstract.

• Cohen J, Freiberg JA. 2013. School climate and bullying prevention. In Dary T, Pickeral T, eds. 2013. School climate practices for implementation and sustainability. School Climate Practice Briefs, No. 1. New York, NY: National School Climate Center.
• Farrukh A, Sadwick R, Villasenor J. 2014. Youth internet safety: Risks, responses, and research recommendations. Washington, DC: Center for Technology Innovation at Brookings.
• Lhamon CE. 2014. Dear colleague letter: Responding to bullying of students with disabilities. Washington, DC: Department of Education Office of Civil Rights. This guidance, issued in the form of a letter to educators, details public schools' responsibilities under Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act and Title II of the Americans with Disabilities Act regarding the bullying of students with disabilities.
• Hertz MF, ed. 2013. The relationship between youth involvement in bullying and suicide. Journal of Adolescent Health 53(Suppl. 1):S1-S54.
• Lawner EK, Terzian MA. 2013. What works for bullying programs: Lessons from experimental evaluations of programs and interventions. Bethesda, MD: Child Trends.
• Masiello MG, Schroeder D. 2013. A public health approach to bullying prevention. Washington, DC: American Public Health Association.
• National Adolescent and Young Adult Health Information Center. 2014. A guide to evidence-based programs for adolescent health: Programs, tools, and more. San Francisco, CA: National Adolescent and Young Adult Health Information Center.
• National Institute for Health Care Management Foundation. 2013. Preventing bullying in schools through partnerships (upd. ed.). Washington, DC: National Institute for Health Care Management Foundation. (Promising practices: Women, children, and adolescents).
• Simon P, Olson S, rapporteurs; Institute of Medicine; National Research Council. 2014. Building capacity to reduce bullying: Workshop summary. Washington, DC: National Academies Press.
• Teipel KD, Brindis CD. 2010. Improving the health of youth: A guide for state-level strategic planning and action. Minneapolis, MN: State Adolescent Health Resource Center; San Francisco, CA: National Adolescent Health Information and Innovation Center.
• Wilkins N, Tsao B, Hertz M, Davis R, Klevens J. 2014. Connecting the dots: An overview of the links among multiple forms of violence. Atlanta, GA: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; Oakland, CA: Prevention Institute.

• Adolescent Violence Prevention knowledge path, family resource brief, school resource brief
• Bullying resource brief
• Dating Violence Among Adolescents resource brief
• Suicide Prevention resource brief